const and static
Rust has a way of defining constants with the const keyword:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { const N: i32 = 5; #}
Unlike let bindings, you must annotate the type of a const.
Constants live for the entire lifetime of a program. More specifically, constants in Rust have no fixed address in memory. This is because they’re effectively inlined to each place that they’re used. References to the same constant are not necessarily guaranteed to refer to the same memory address for this reason.
static
Rust provides a ‘global variable’ sort of facility in static items. They’re similar to constants, but static items aren’t inlined upon use. This means that there is only one instance for each value, and it’s at a fixed location in memory.
Here’s an example:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { static N: i32 = 5; #}
Unlike let bindings, you must annotate the type of a static.
Statics live for the entire lifetime of a program, and therefore any
reference stored in a static has a 'static lifetime:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { static NAME: &'static str = "Steve"; #}
The type of a static value must be Sync unless the static value is
mutable.
Mutability
You can introduce mutability with the mut keyword:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { static mut N: i32 = 5; #}
Because this is mutable, one thread could be updating N while another is
reading it, causing memory unsafety. As such both accessing and mutating a
static mut is unsafe, and so must be done in an unsafe block:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { # static mut N: i32 = 5; unsafe { N += 1; println!("N: {}", N); } #}
Initializing
Both const and static have requirements for giving them a value. They must
be given a value that’s a constant expression. In other words, you cannot use
the result of a function call or anything similarly complex or at runtime.
Dropping
Types implementing Drop are allowed in const and static
definitions. Constants are inlined where they are used and are dropped
accordingly. static values are not dropped.
Which construct should I use?
Almost always, if you can choose between the two, choose const. It’s pretty
rare that you actually want a memory location associated with your constant,
and using a const allows for optimizations like constant propagation not only
in your crate but downstream crates.